runtime

Vectors and Hardware Intrinsics Support

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Introduction

The CoreCLR runtime has support for several varieties of hardware intrinsics, and various ways to compile code which uses them. This support varies by target processor, and the code produced depends on how the jit compiler is invoked. This document describes the various behaviors of intrinsics in the runtime, and concludes with implications for developers working on the runtime and libraries portions of the runtime.

Acronyms and definitions

| Acronym | Definition | — | — | | AOT | Ahead of time. In this document, it refers to compiling code before the process launches and saving it into a file for later use.

Intrinsics apis

Most hardware intrinsics support is tied to the use of various Vector apis. There are 4 major api surfaces that are supported by the runtime

• The fixed length float vectors. Vector2, Vector3, and Vector4. These vector types represent a struct of floats of various lengths. For type layout, ABI and, interop purposes they are represented in exactly the same way as a structure with an appropriate number of floats in it. Operations on these vector types are supported on all architectures and platforms, although some architectures may optimize various operations.
• The variable length Vector<T>. This represents vector data of runtime-determined length. In any given process the length of a Vector<T> is the same in all methods, but this length may differ between various machines or environment variable settings read at startup of the process. The T type variable may be the following types (System.Byte, System.SByte, System.Int16, System.UInt16, System.Int32, System.UInt32, System.Int64, System.UInt64, System.Single, and System.Double), and allows use of integer or double data within a vector. The length and alignment of Vector<T> is unknown to the developer at compile time (although discoverable at runtime by using the Vector<T>.Count api), and Vector<T> may not exist in any interop signature. Operations on these vector types are supported on all architectures and platforms, although some architectures may optimize various operations if the Vector<T>.IsHardwareAccelerated api returns true.
• Vector64<T>, Vector128<T>, Vector256<T>, and Vector512<T> represent fixed-sized vectors that closely resemble the fixed- sized vectors available in C++. These structures can be used in any code that runs, but very few features are supported directly on these types other than creation. They are used primarily in the processor specific hardware intrinsics apis.
• Processor specific hardware intrinsics apis such as System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86.Ssse3. These apis map directly to individual instructions or short instruction sequences that are specific to a particular hardware instruction. These apis are only usable on hardware that supports the particular instruction. See https://github.com/dotnet/designs/blob/master/accepted/2018/platform-intrinsics.md for the design of these.

How to use intrinsics apis

There are 3 models for use of intrinsics apis.

1. Usage of Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, and Vector<T>. For these, its always safe to just use the types. The jit will generate code that is as optimal as it can for the logic, and will do so unconditionally.
2. Usage of Vector64<T>, Vector128<T>, Vector256<T>, and Vector512<T>. These types may be used unconditionally, but are only truly useful when also using the platform specific hardware intrinsics apis.
3. Usage of platform intrinsics apis. All usage of these apis should be wrapped in an IsSupported check of the appropriate kind. Then, within the IsSupported check the platform specific api may be used. If multiple instruction sets are used, then the application developer must have checks for the instruction sets as used on each one of them.

Effect of usage of hardware intrinsics on how code is generated

Hardware intrinsics have dramatic impacts on codegen, and the codegen of these hardware intrinsics is dependent on the ISA available for the target machine when the code is compiled.

If the code is compiled at runtime by the JIT in a just-in-time manner, then the JIT will generate the best code it can based on the current processor’s ISA. This use of hardware intrinsics is indendent of jit compilation tier. MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization may be used to bypass compilation of tier 0 code and always produce tier 1 code for the method. In addition, the current policy of the runtime is that MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization may also be used to bypass compilation of code as R2R code, although that may change in the future.

For AOT compilation, the situation is far more complex. This is due to the following principles of how our AOT compilation model works.

1. AOT compilation must never under any circumstance change the semantic behavior of code except for changes in performance.
2. If AOT code is generated, it should be used unless there is an overriding reason to avoid using it.
3. It must be exceedingly difficult to misuse the AOT compilation tool to violate principle 1.

Crossgen2 model of hardware intrinsic usage

There are 2 sets of instruction sets known to the compiler.

• The baseline instruction set which defaults to (Sse, Sse2), but may be adjusted via compiler option.
• The optimistic instruction set which defaults to (Sse3, Ssse3, Sse41, Sse42, Popcnt, Pclmulqdq, and Lzcnt).

Code will be compiled using the optimistic instruction set to drive compilation, but any use of an instruction set beyond the baseline instruction set will be recorded, as will any attempt to use an instruction set beyond the optimistic set if that attempted use has a semantic effect. If the baseline instruction set includes Avx2 then the size and characteristics of of Vector<T> is known. Any other decisions about ABI may also be encoded. For instance, it is likely that the ABI of Vector256<T> and Vector512<T> will vary based on the presence/absence of Avx support.

• Any code which uses Vector<T> will not be compiled AOT unless the size of Vector<T> is known.
• Any code which passes a Vector256<T> or Vector512<T> as a parameter on a Linux or Mac machine will not be compiled AOT unless the support for the Avx instruction set is known.
• Non-platform intrinsics which require more hardware support than the optimistic supported hardware capability will not take advantage of that capability. MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization may be used to disable compilation of this sub-par code.
• Code which takes advantage of instructions sets in the optimistic set will not be used on a machine which only supports the baseline instruction set.
• Code which attempts to use instruction sets outside of the optimistic set will generate code that will not be used on machines with support for the instruction set.

Characteristics which result from rules

• Code which uses platform intrinsics within the optimistic instruction set will generate good code.
• Code which relies on platform intrinsics not within the baseline or optimistic set will cause runtime jit and startup time concerns if used on hardware which does support the instruction set.
• Vector<T> code has runtime jit and startup time concerns unless the baseline is raised to include Avx2.

Code review rules for use of platform intrinsics

• Any use of a platform intrinsic in the codebase SHOULD be wrapped with a call to the associated IsSupported property. This wrapping may be done within the same function that uses the hardware intrinsic, but this is not required as long as the programmer can control all entrypoints to a function that uses the hardware intrinsic.
• If an application developer is highly concerned about startup performance, developers should avoid use intrinsics beyond Sse42, or should use Crossgen with an updated baseline instruction set support.

Crossgen2 adjustment to rules for System.Private.CoreLib.dll

Since System.Private.CoreLib.dll is known to be code reviewed with the code review rules as written below with System.Private.CoreLib.dll, it is possible to relax rule “Code which attempts to use instruction sets outside of the optimistic set will generate code that will not be used on machines with support for the instruction set.” What this will do is allow the generation of non-optimal code for these situations, but through the magic of code review and analyzers, the generated logic will still work correctly.

Code review and analyzer rules for code written in System.Private.CoreLib.dll

• Any use of a platform intrinsic in the codebase MUST be wrapped with a call to an associated IsSupported property. This wrapping MUST be done within the same function that uses the hardware intrinsic, OR the function which uses the platform intrinsic must have the CompExactlyDependsOn attribute used to indicate that this function will unconditionally call platform intrinsics of from some type.
• Within a single function that uses platform intrinsics, unless marked with the CompExactlyDependsOn attribute it must behave identically regardless of whether IsSupported returns true or not. This allows the R2R compiler to compile with a lower set of intrinsics support, and yet expect that the behavior of the function will remain unchanged in the presence of tiered compilation.
• Excessive use of intrinsics may cause startup performance problems due to additional jitting, or may not achieve desired performance characteristics due to suboptimal codegen. To fix this, we may, in the future, change the compilation rules to compile the methods marked withCompExactlyDependsOn with the appropriate platform intrinsics enabled.

Correct use of the IsSupported properties and CompExactlyDependsOn attribute is checked by an analyzer during build of System.Private.CoreLib. This analyzer requires that all usage of IsSupported properties conform to a few specific patterns. These patterns are supported via either if statements or the ternary operator.

The supported conditional checks are

1. Simple if statement checking IsSupported flag surrounding usage

   if (PlatformIntrinsicType.IsSupported)
   {
    PlatformIntrinsicType.IntrinsicMethod();
   }
   

2. If statement check checking a platform intrinsic type which implies that the intrinsic used is supported.

if (Avx2.X64.IsSupported)
{
    Avx2.IntrinsicMethod();
}

1. Nested if statement where there is an outer condition which is an OR’d together series of IsSupported checks for mutually exclusive conditions and where the inner check is an else clause where some checks are excluded from applying.

if (Avx2.IsSupported || ArmBase.IsSupported)
{
    if (Avx2.IsSupported)
    {
        // Do something
    }
    else
    {
        ArmBase.IntrinsicMethod();
    }
}

1. Within a method marked with CompExactlyDependsOn for a less advanced attribute, there may be a use of an explicit IsSupported check for a more advanced cpu feature. If so, the behavior of the overall function must remain the same regardless of whether or not the CPU feature is enabled. The analyzer will detect this usage as a warning, so that any use of IsSupported in a helper method is examined to verify that that use follows the rule of preserving exactly equivalent behavior.

[CompExactlyDependsOn(typeof(Sse41))]
int DoSomethingHelper()
{
#pragma warning disable IntrinsicsInSystemPrivateCoreLibAttributeNotSpecificEnough // The else clause is semantically equivalent
    if (Avx2.IsSupported)
#pragma warning disable IntrinsicsInSystemPrivateCoreLibAttributeNotSpecificEnough
    {
        Avx2.IntrinsicThatDoesTheSameThingAsSse41IntrinsicAndSse41.Intrinsic2();
    }
    else
    {
        Sse41.Intrinsic();
        Sse41.Intrinsic2();
    }
}

• NOTE: If the helper needs to be used AND behave differently with different instruction sets enabled, correct logic requires spreading the CompExactlyDependsOn attribute to all callers such that no caller could be compiled expecting the wrong behavior. See the Vector128.ShuffleUnsafe method, and various uses.

The behavior of the CompExactlyDependsOn is that 1 or more attributes may be applied to a given method. If any of the types specified via the attribute will not have an invariant result for its associated IsSupported property at runtime, then the method will not be compiled or inlined into another function during R2R compilation. If no type so described will have a true result for the IsSupported method, then the method will not be compiled or inlined into another function during R2R compilation.

1. In addition to directly using the IsSupported properties to enable/disable support for intrinsics, simple static properties written in the following style may be used to reduce code duplication.

static bool IsVectorizationSupported => Avx2.IsSupported || PackedSimd.IsSupported

public void SomePublicApi()
{
    if (IsVectorizationSupported)
        SomeVectorizationHelper();
    else
    {
        // Non-Vectorized implementation
    }
}

[CompExactlyDependsOn(typeof(Avx2))]
[CompExactlyDependsOn(typeof(PackedSimd))]
private void SomeVectorizationHelper()
{
}

Non-Deterministic Intrinsics in System.Private.Corelib

Some APIs exposed in System.Private.Corelib are intentionally non-deterministic across hardware and instead only ensure determinism within the scope of a single process. To facilitate the support of such APIs, the JIT defines Compiler::BlockNonDeterministicIntrinsics(bool mustExpand) which should be used to help block such APIs from expanding in scenarios such as ReadyToRun. Additionally, such APIs should recursively call themselves so that indirect invocation (such as via a delegate, function pointer, reflection, etc) will compute the same result.

An example of such a non-deterministic API is the ConvertToIntegerNative APIs exposed on System.Single and System.Double. These APIs convert from the source value to the target integer type using the fastest mechanism available for the underlying hardware. They exist due to the IEEE 754 specification leaving conversions undefined when the input cannot fit into the output (for example converting float.MaxValue to int) and thus different hardware having historically provided differing behaviors on these edge cases. They allow developers who do not need to be concerned with edge case handling but where the performance overhead of normalizing results for the default cast operator is too great.

Another example is the various *Estimate APIs, such as float.ReciprocalSqrtEstimate. These APIs allow a user to likewise opt into a faster result at the cost of some inaccuracy, where the exact inaccuracy encountered depends on the input and the underlying hardware the instruction is executed against.

Mechanisms in the JIT to generate correct code to handle varied instruction set support

The JIT receives flags which instruct it on what instruction sets are valid to use, and has access to a new jit interface api notifyInstructionSetUsage(isa, bool supportBehaviorRequired).

The notifyInstructionSetUsage api is used to notify the AOT compiler infrastructure that the code may only execute if the runtime environment of the code is exactly the same as the boolean parameter indicates it should be. For instance, if notifyInstructionSetUsage(Avx, false) is used, then the code generated must not be used if the Avx instruction set is usable. Similarly notifyInstructionSetUsage(Avx, true) will indicate that the code may only be used if the Avx instruction set is available.

While the above api exists, it is not expected that general purpose code within the JIT will use it. In general jitted code is expected to use a number of different apis to understand the available hardware instruction support available.

Api	Description of use	Exact behavior
compExactlyDependsOn(isa)	Use when making a decision to use or not use an instruction set when the decision will affect the semantics of the generated code. Should never be used in an assert.	Return whether or not an instruction set is supported. Calls notifyInstructionSetUsage with the result of that computation.
compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(isa)	Use when making an opportunistic decision to use or not use an instruction set. Use when the instruction set usage is a “nice to have optimization opportunity”, but do not use when a false result may change the semantics of the program. Should never be used in an assert.	Return whether or not an instruction set is supported. Calls notifyInstructionSetUsage if the instruction set is supported.
compIsaSupportedDebugOnly(isa)	Use to assert whether or not an instruction set is supported	Return whether or not an instruction set is supported. Does not report anything. Only available in debug builds.
getVectorTByteLength()	Use to get the size of a Vector<T> value.	Determine the size of the Vector<T> type. If on the architecture the size may vary depending on whatever rules. Use compExactlyDependsOn to perform the queries so that the size is consistent between compile time and runtime.
getMaxVectorByteLength()	Get the maximum number of bytes that might be used in a SIMD type during this compilation.	Query the set of instruction sets supported, and determine the largest simd type supported. Use compOpportunisticallyDependsOn to perform the queries so that the maximum size needed is the only one recorded.

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